Model Architecture ================== Model Structure --------------- The AETOS model builds on the OSeMOSYS framework to provide a transparent, open-source tool for cross-continental energy system analysis. Its design philosophy emphasizes reproducibility, comparability across regions, and scalability from national to continental level. Framework & Philosophy ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - Fully based on the OSeMOSYS open-source modeling framework. - Emphasis on transparency, open data, and reproducibility. - Designed for multi-regional, long-term scenario exploration. The diagram below shows the **AETOS input–output structure**, linking key datasets to model outputs: .. image:: /_static/AETOS-IO2.png :alt: AETOS IO :align: center :width: 90% .. raw:: html

Figure 1. AETOS Input Output.

Regions & Countries ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ AETOS covers **78 countries** across Africa and Europe, with each country modeled individually.: .. grid:: 1 1 2 2 :gutter: 2 .. grid-item:: **Africa (48)** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 70 30 :class: no-scroll * - Country - ISO * - Algeria - :bdg-primary:`DZ` * - Malawi - :bdg-primary:`MW` * - Angola - :bdg-primary:`AO` * - Mali - :bdg-primary:`ML` * - Benin - :bdg-primary:`BJ` * - Mauritania - :bdg-primary:`MR` * - Botswana - :bdg-primary:`BW` * - Morocco - :bdg-primary:`MA` * - Burkina Faso - :bdg-primary:`BF` * - Mozambique - :bdg-primary:`MZ` * - Burundi - :bdg-primary:`BI` * - Namibia - :bdg-primary:`NA` * - Cameroon - :bdg-primary:`CM` * - Niger - :bdg-primary:`NE` * - Central African Rep. - :bdg-primary:`CF` * - Nigeria - :bdg-primary:`NG` * - Chad - :bdg-primary:`TD` * - Rwanda - :bdg-primary:`RW` * - Côte d'Ivoire - :bdg-primary:`CI` * - Senegal - :bdg-primary:`SN` * - Djibouti - :bdg-primary:`DJ` * - Sierra Leone - :bdg-primary:`SL` * - DR Congo - :bdg-primary:`CD` * - Somalia - :bdg-primary:`SO` * - Egypt - :bdg-primary:`EG` * - South Africa - :bdg-primary:`ZA` * - Equatorial Guinea - :bdg-primary:`GQ` * - South Sudan - :bdg-primary:`SS` * - Eritrea - :bdg-primary:`ER` * - Sudan - :bdg-primary:`SD` * - Eswatini - :bdg-primary:`SZ` * - Tanzania - :bdg-primary:`TZ` * - Ethiopia - :bdg-primary:`ET` * - Togo - :bdg-primary:`TG` * - Gabon - :bdg-primary:`GA` * - Tunisia - :bdg-primary:`TN` * - Gambia - :bdg-primary:`GM` * - Uganda - :bdg-primary:`UG` * - Ghana - :bdg-primary:`GH` * - Zambia - :bdg-primary:`ZM` * - Guinea - :bdg-primary:`GN` * - Zimbabwe - :bdg-primary:`ZW` * - Guinea-Bissau - :bdg-primary:`GW` * - Kenya - :bdg-primary:`KE` * - Lesotho - :bdg-primary:`LS` * - Liberia - :bdg-primary:`LR` * - Libya - :bdg-primary:`LY` .. grid-item:: **Europe (30)** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 70 30 :class: no-scroll * - Country - ISO * - Austria - :bdg-primary:`AT` * - Lithuania - :bdg-primary:`LT` * - Belgium - :bdg-primary:`BE` * - Luxembourg - :bdg-primary:`LU` * - Bulgaria - :bdg-primary:`BG` * - Latvia - :bdg-primary:`LV` * - Switzerland - :bdg-primary:`CH` * - Malta - :bdg-primary:`MT` * - Cyprus - :bdg-primary:`CY` * - Netherlands - :bdg-primary:`NL` * - Czechia - :bdg-primary:`CZ` * - Norway - :bdg-primary:`NO` * - Germany - :bdg-primary:`DE` * - Poland - :bdg-primary:`PL` * - Denmark - :bdg-primary:`DK` * - Portugal - :bdg-primary:`PT` * - Estonia - :bdg-primary:`EE` * - Romania - :bdg-primary:`RO` * - Spain - :bdg-primary:`ES` * - Sweden - :bdg-primary:`SE` * - Finland - :bdg-primary:`FI` * - Slovenia - :bdg-primary:`SI` * - France - :bdg-primary:`FR` * - Slovakia - :bdg-primary:`SK` * - Greece - :bdg-primary:`GR` * - United Kingdom - :bdg-primary:`UK` * - Croatia - :bdg-primary:`HR` * - Hungary - :bdg-primary:`HU` * - Ireland - :bdg-primary:`IE` * - Italy - :bdg-primary:`IT` Technologies & Fuels ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The AETOS model represents **3,283 technologies**, spanning all major fuels and system components. .. list-table:: Fuels :header-rows: 1 :widths: 25 75 :class: source-table * - Category - Fuels * - Fossil - Coal, Lignite, Natural Gas, Fuel Oil / Heavy Fuel, Light Fuel, Diesel Oil, Refinery Gas, Derived Gas * - Renewables - Solar, Wind, Hydropower, Biomass, Geothermal, Tidal, Ocean/Wave, Waste * - Secondary / Vectors - Nuclear, Battery, Electricity Temporal Resolution ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - **Horizon:** 2021–2060 (yearly time steps). - **Intra-annual resolution:** 16 time-slices (4 seasons × 4 daily periods), ensuring seasonal and daily demand peaks are fully captured. .. grid:: 1 2 2 2 :gutter: 2 .. grid-item:: **Seasons (S)** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 15 15 15 * - **Code** - **Season** - **Days** * - S1 - Winter - 90 * - S2 - Spring - 92 * - S3 - Summer - 92 * - S4 - Autumn - 91 * - - **Total** - **365** .. grid-item:: **Daily parts (P)** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 15 15 15 15 * - **Code** - **Start (h)** - **End (h)** - **Duration (h)** * - P1 - 0 - 7 - 7 * - P2 - 7 - 17 - 10 * - P3 - 17 - 21 - 4 * - P4 - 21 - 24 - 3 * - - - **Total** - **24** System Design ------------- Reference Energy System ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ These Reference Energy Systems (RES) provide a schematic view of how **energy resources, technologies, and demand sectors** are connected within the model. They illustrate flows from **primary resources** (fossil, renewable, imports) through **conversion technologies** (power plants, trade infrastructure, storage) to meet **final electricity and gas demand**. .. list-table:: :widths: 50 50 :header-rows: 0 :class: res-table * - .. image:: /_static/RES-AU.png :width: 100% - .. image:: /_static/RES-EU.png :width: 100% .. raw:: html

Figure 2. Reference Energy System – Africa (left) and Europe (right).

Interconnection Structure ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The model represents electricity interconnections explicitly. Each link between two countries is modeled as a **bidirectional interconnector** with two modes: - **Mode 1:** Power flow from *Country 1 → Country 2* - **Mode 2:** Power flow from *Country 2 → Country 1* This structure allows detailed accounting of **imports, exports, and trade balances**, while consistently linking power plants, demand, and regional grids. .. image:: /_static/Interconnector.png :alt: Interconnection diagram :align: center :width: 90% .. raw:: html

Figure 3. Interconnection architecture between African and European regions.

Storage Structure ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The model represents storage explicitly by separating **technology operation** and **storage content** into two linked components: - **STOR_T (Technology):** governs charging and discharging of energy. - **STOR_S (Storage):** tracks stored energy across time periods. Two modes are used: - **Mode 1:** Charging (from grid/plant → storage). - **Mode 2:** Discharging (from storage → grid/plant). .. image:: /_static/storage.png :alt: Storage diagram :align: center :width: 65% .. raw:: html

Figure 4. Storage Infrustructure.

Natural Gas Network Structure ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The model represents natural gas flows through **pipelines**, **LNG terminals** and **domestic extraction technologies**. - Pipelines are modeled as **bidirectional links** (Mode 1 = export, Mode 2 = import). - LNG imports and exports are included as separate technologies. - Domestic extraction is captured explicitly via NG00X00 technologies. .. image:: /_static/NGN.png :alt: Natural Gas System diagram :align: center :width: 90% .. raw:: html

Figure 5. Natural Gas System Infrustructure.

Naming Manual ------------- This manual explains the **AETOS naming conventions** for technologies, fuels, backstops, and infrastructure. Codes are **systematic, compact, and interpretable**, ensuring reproducibility and transparency. Technologies ^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Technology Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-warning:`FUEL` :bdg-success:`TECHNOLOGY` :bdg-secondary:`CLASS` .. grid:: 1 2 2 2 :gutter: 2 .. grid-item:: **Fuel Codes** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 25 75 :class: source-table * - **Fuel Code** - **Fuel Name** * - :bdg-warning:`NU` - Nuclear * - :bdg-warning:`CO` - Coal * - :bdg-warning:`LI` - Lignite * - :bdg-warning:`NG` - Natural Gas * - :bdg-warning:`SO` - Solar * - :bdg-warning:`WI` - Wind * - :bdg-warning:`HYD` - Hydropower * - :bdg-warning:`BM` - Biomass * - :bdg-warning:`BATT` - Battery * - :bdg-warning:`WS` - Waste * - :bdg-warning:`DG` - Derived Gas * - :bdg-warning:`HF` - Fuel Oil / Heavy Fuel * - :bdg-warning:`LF` - Light Fuel * - :bdg-warning:`RG` - Refinery Gas * - :bdg-warning:`DS` - Diesel Oil * - :bdg-warning:`GO` - Geothermal * - :bdg-warning:`TID` - Tidal * - :bdg-warning:`OCWV` - Ocean / Wave .. grid-item:: **Technology Codes** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 25 75 :class: source-table * - **Tech Code** - **Description** * - :bdg-success:`CHP` - Combined Heat & Power * - :bdg-success:`STP` - Steam Turbine Plant * - :bdg-success:`CCP` - Combined Cycle Plant * - :bdg-success:`GCP` - Gas Turbine Plant * - :bdg-success:`GCC` - Gas Combined Cycle * - :bdg-success:`HPF` - Internal Combustion Engine * - :bdg-success:`CCS` - Carbon Capture Storage * - :bdg-success:`ON` - Wind Onshore * - :bdg-success:`OF` - Wind Offshore * - :bdg-success:`UTP` / :bdg-success:`U1P` - Solar Utility Plant * - :bdg-success:`STH` / :bdg-success:`C1P` - Solar Thermal * - :bdg-success:`MP` / :bdg-success:`MS` - Hydro Reservoir * - :bdg-success:`SP` - Pumped Storage * - :bdg-success:`RP` - Hydro Run-of-River * - :bdg-success:`RCP` - Reciprocating Engine * - :bdg-success:`CVP` - Geothermal * - :bdg-success:`SCP` - Sub-critical Pulverised Coal * - :bdg-success:`NDP` - Wind (Africa) **Class Codes** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 25 75 :class: source-table * - **Class Code** - **Meaning** * - :bdg-secondary:`H1` - Historical * - :bdg-secondary:`N1` - New **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-warning:`SO` :bdg-success:`UTP` :bdg-secondary:`H1` = Cyprus, Solar Utility Plant, Historical Backstops ^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Backstops Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-danger:`BACKSTOP_TYPE` **Backstop Codes** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 30 70 :class: source-table * - **Backstop** - **Meaning** * - :bdg-danger:`BACKSTOP` - Technology capacity issues * - :bdg-danger:`CO2BACKSTOP` - Emissions issues * - :bdg-danger:`NGBACKSTOP` - Natural gas supply issue **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-danger:`CO2BACKSTOP` = Cyprus, CO₂ emissions backstop Feed-in Fuel Technologies ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Feed-in-Fuels Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-warning:`FUEL` :bdg-success:`00I00` **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-warning:`NG` :bdg-success:`00I00` = Cyprus, Natural Gas Import node Transmission ^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Transmission Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-info:`EL00T00` **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-info:`EL00T00` = Cyprus, Electricity Transmission Distribution ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Distribution Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-info:`EL00D00` **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-info:`EL00D00` = Cyprus, Electricity Distribution LNG Imports ^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: LNG Imports Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY`:bdg-success:`LG00I00` **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-success:`LG00I00` = Cyprus LNG Import LNG Exports ^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: LNG Exports Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-success:`LG00E00` **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-success:`LG00E00` = Cyprus LNG Export Natural Gas Extraction ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Natural Gas Extraction Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-success:`NG00X00` **Example** :bdg-primary:`DZ` :bdg-success:`NG00X00` = Algeria, NG Extraction Natural Gas Pipelines ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Natural Gas Pipelines Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY1` :bdg-warning:`NG` :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY2` :bdg-success:`PI0` **Example** :bdg-primary:`DZ` :bdg-warning:`NG` :bdg-primary:`IT` :bdg-success:`PI0` = Algeria → Italy NG Pipeline Grid Interconnections ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Grid Interconnections Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY1` :bdg-warning:`EL` :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY2` :bdg-success:`PH1` **Example** :bdg-primary:`AO` :bdg-warning:`EL` :bdg-primary:`NA` :bdg-success:`PH1` = Angola ↔ Namibia Electricity Interconnection Storages ^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Storage Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-info:`STORAGE_TYPE` :bdg-secondary:`CLASS` .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 20 80 :class: source-table * - **Storage Code** - **Description** * - :bdg-info:`BATT` - Battery Storage * - :bdg-info:`HYDSP` - Hydrogen Storage * - :bdg-info:`HYDSS` - Hydro Reservoir Storage **Example** :bdg-primary:`MA` :bdg-info:`BATT` :bdg-secondary:`N1` = Morocco, Battery, New Fuels ^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Fuels Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY` :bdg-warning:`FUEL` **Fuel Codes** .. list-table:: :header-rows: 1 :widths: 20 80 :class: source-table * - **Fuel Code** - **Description** * - :bdg-warning:`E1` - Electricity Transmission * - :bdg-warning:`E2` - Electricity Distribution * - :bdg-warning:`E3` - Electricity Supply * - :bdg-warning:`BATF` - Battery Fuel * - :bdg-warning:`NGE` - Natural Gas Export **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-warning:`E1` = Cyprus, Electricity Transmission Emissions ^^^^^^^^^^ .. admonition:: Emissions Structure :bdg-primary:`COUNTRY`:bdg-danger:`CO2` **Example** :bdg-primary:`CY` :bdg-danger:`CO2` = Cyprus, CO₂ emissions